{"id":951,"date":"2020-06-14T21:09:00","date_gmt":"2020-06-14T21:09:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ireneeng.com\/?p=951"},"modified":"2021-09-06T18:51:11","modified_gmt":"2021-09-06T18:51:11","slug":"del","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ireneeng.com\/?p=951","title":{"rendered":"Literati \u7ec5\u58eb"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Shenshi (\u7ec5\u58eb,&nbsp;<em>shen-shih<\/em>), literati, &nbsp;refers to the class of people in China who were educated therefore accorded with privileges. Aside from dressed differently, they<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>could attend official ceremonies in the Confucian temples, and led the ancestral rituals.<\/li>\n<li>were protected against insults from commoners<\/li>\n<li>forbade in manual labor<\/li>\n<li>would be punished lightly for the same crime committed by a commoner<\/li>\n<li>excused from and later pay less of the poll tax, in preparation for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ireneeng.com\/?p=1328\">imperial examinations<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>These were just a few perks among many, according to Immanuel Hs\u00fc, who also considered its society was highly stratified, but egalitarian, which meant no caste system. Most people could take the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ireneeng.com\/?p=1328\">imperial examination<\/a>&nbsp;(keju or wuju) to improve their social status, which became the dominated force in the past dynasties.<\/p>\n<p>The translation of it varies, from &#8216;gentry&#8217; by Paul A. Cohen, to &#8216;educated men&#8217; by Y.C. Wang, and to &#8216;scholar-gentry&#8217; by Immanuel&nbsp;Hs\u00fc. They all had their reasons and were all correct.<br \/>\nGentry, as it is known in the West, a notch below nobility, means, in general &#8216;well-born&#8217; and the title could be inherited.&nbsp;In U.K. in particular, meant with real estate. This was not the case in China. It was not a title but a loose term for a social class. It meant educated, at least passed the first level of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ireneeng.com\/?p=1328\">imperial examination<\/a>, out of three. <em>Shenshi<\/em>&nbsp;could be born poor and without a shelter. But after passing the exam &#8211; obtained some education, he could attain high position in the government, which was the only path to fame, glory, and wealth.<\/p>\n<p>I choose &#8216;literati&#8217; because for one, this class of people were educated, and secondly, the imperial examination was nothing but literature. For more on imperial exam, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ireneeng.com\/?p=1328\">please check out my post<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ireneeng.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Screen-Shot-2020-06-15-at-2.57.12-PM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-1322 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ireneeng.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Screen-Shot-2020-06-15-at-2.57.12-PM-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ireneeng.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Screen-Shot-2020-06-15-at-2.57.12-PM-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.ireneeng.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Screen-Shot-2020-06-15-at-2.57.12-PM-48x48.png 48w, https:\/\/www.ireneeng.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Screen-Shot-2020-06-15-at-2.57.12-PM-300x300.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>Plagiarism?<br \/>\n\u770b\u89c1 &nbsp;\u2018\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u8d56\u6587\u900a\u2019 \u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u662f\u8c01, \u5c31\u627e\u5c0f\u8c37\u54e5. &nbsp;\u7ed3\u679c\u662f, \u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u7ed3\u679c. (\u6bd4\u5982 \u2018\u767d\u4e50\u65e5\u2019,&nbsp;\u5c0f\u8c37\u54e5\u5728\u53f3\u4e0a\u89d2\u7ed9\u51fa&nbsp;\u00c9tienne Balazs). \u518d\u591a\u7ffb\u4e00\u4e0b \u627e\u52302\u672c\u4e66: \u8bb8\u7eaa\u9716 2005\u5e74\u7684 \u300a20\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u56fd\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u53f2\u8bba \u300b(\u65b0\u661f\u51fa\u7248\u793e) \u548c\u960e\u6b65\u514b2015\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u58eb\u5927\u592b\u653f\u6cbb\u6f14\u751f\u53f2\u7a3f\u300b(\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e) .<br \/>\n\u5927\u81f4\u770b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e0b \u9664\u4e86\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u6a21\u4e00\u6837\u7684 &#8220;\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u8d56\u6587\u900a\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u58eb\u5927\u592b\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u79f0\u547c: amateur&#8221; \u4e4b\u5916, \u8fd8\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u76f8\u540c\u4e4b\u5904.<br \/>\n\u6700\u4e0d\u60f3\u770b\u5230\u7684\u662f\u8c37\u54e5\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2d\u6587\u5199\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u5916\u56fd\u7684\u540d,\u8bcd\u6216\u8005\u53e5\u5b50, \u7136\u540e\u56de\u9988\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u90fd\u662f\u4e2d\u6587. \u5927\u5bb6\u90fd\u5728\u6284\u88ad?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Shenshi (\u7ec5\u58eb,&nbsp;shen-shih), literati, &nbsp;refers to the class of people in China who were educated therefore accorded with privileges. Aside from dressed differently, they could attend&#8230;<\/p>\n<div class=\"more-link-wrapper\"><a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ireneeng.com\/?p=951\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Literati \u7ec5\u58eb<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"bgseo_title":"","bgseo_description":"","bgseo_robots_index":"index","bgseo_robots_follow":"follow","om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[49],"tags":[18],"class_list":["post-951","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category--rise-of-a-mandarin","tag-things-chinese","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ireneeng.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/951","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ireneeng.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ireneeng.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ireneeng.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ireneeng.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=951"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/www.ireneeng.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/951\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6638,"href":"https:\/\/www.ireneeng.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/951\/revisions\/6638"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ireneeng.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=951"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ireneeng.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=951"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ireneeng.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=951"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}