{"id":7180,"date":"2021-12-13T19:17:33","date_gmt":"2021-12-13T19:17:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ireneeng.com\/?p=7180"},"modified":"2021-12-13T20:30:50","modified_gmt":"2021-12-13T20:30:50","slug":"birth","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ireneeng.com\/?p=7180","title":{"rendered":"Birth and rate"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>A friend <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ireneeng.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/IMG_3715.jpg\">shared a news this morning<\/a>, that starting end of January 2022, Shanghai will allow single mother to apply childbirth and childcare allowances \u751f\u80b2\u91d1 n \u80b2\u513f\u8865\u8d34, to encourage single motherhood, in order to increasing birth rate. China&#8217;s birth rate is at all time low, in four decades <a href=\"https:\/\/economictimes.indiatimes.com\/news\/international\/world-news\/chinas-birth-rate-falls-to-four-decade-low-report\/articleshow\/87896125.cms?from=mdr\">8.52 per 1,000 people in 2020<\/a>, while US was <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nvss\/births.htm\">11.0 per 1,000 population<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ireneeng.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/IMG_3714.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-7181 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ireneeng.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/IMG_3714-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><\/a>I googled <span style=\"color: #808080;\"><em>Shanghai encourage women to have children without marrying<\/em><\/span>, ironically, one of three results was The Guardian&#8217;s 2014 article, titled For <em>Chinese women, unmarried motherhood remains the final taboo<\/em>\u00a0(below).<\/p>\n<p>All my classmates in Beijing have one child because it was one child policy era \u4e00\u5b69\u653f\u7b56 (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/One-child_policy\">1980<\/a>-2015). Then, it changed, increased frequently:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/12281752\/\">1949<\/a>, Chairman Mao encourage child birth, per tradition<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/One-child_policy\">1980<\/a>-2015<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Two-child_policy\">2016<\/a>-2021, two-child policy<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Three-child_policy\">2021<\/a>.5.31, three -child policy<\/li>\n<li>2022, single motherhood<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>This isn&#8217;t tax rate increase or decrease, but human lives. The swift change, is probably not the best for the people, and country.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ireneeng.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/IMG_3722.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-7189 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ireneeng.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/IMG_3722-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><\/a>\u770b\u5230 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ireneeng.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/IMG_3715.jpg\">\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e0a\u6d77\u65b0\u95fb<\/a> \u6709\u8fd9\u4e8b\u513f? \u8d76\u5feb<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ireneeng.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/IMG_3714.png\">\u8c37\u6b4c\u4e00\u4e0b<\/a><br \/>\n\u5c0f\u8c37\u4e0d\u61c2\u4e8b \u627e\u5230\u4e00\u6761 \u536b\u62a5 2014 \u5e74\u7684\u6587\u7ae0,\u9898\u4e3a\u201c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u5973\u6027\u6765\u8bf4,\u672a\u5a5a\u751f\u80b2\u4ecd\u662f\u6700\u540e\u7684\u7981\u5fcc\u201d<br \/>\n[\u6342\u8138][\u6293\u72c2]<\/p>\n<p>1949\u5e74,\u6bdb\u4e3b\u5e2d\u6309\u7167\u4f20\u7edf\u9f13\u52b1\u751f\u80b2<br \/>\n1980-2015, \u4e00\u5a03\u653f\u7b56<br \/>\n2016-2021\u5e74, \u4e8c\u5b69\u653f\u7b56<br \/>\n2021.5.31, \u4e09\u5b69\u653f\u7b56<br \/>\n2022, \u5355\u8eab\u6bcd\u4eb2 (?) \u2026<\/p>\n<p>\u6b65\u4f10\u592a\u5feb \u8ddf\u4e0d\u4e0a<\/p>\n<p>\u65f6\u65f6\u5c0f\u5e86\u5e78: \u4ffa\u4e0a\u5b66\u65f6 \u6570\u5b57\u4e5f\u5c31 \u767e\u51e0\u5341\u4ec0\u4e48\u7684. \u5343\u90fd\u5c11\u89c1. \u4ffa\u4e00\u4e2a\u6708\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u8d3912.5\u5143. \u54b1\u5fae\u79ef\u5206\u4e0d\u884c \u4e0d\u8fc7\u90a3\u65f6\u5c0f\u6253\u5c0f\u95f9\u8fd8\u6df7\u5f97\u98ce\u751f\u6c34\u8d77 \u4ece\u6765\u6ca1\u6709\u4e0d\u53ca\u683c\u8fc7\u2026 \u5b9e\u5728\u4e0d\u884c\u8fd8\u53ef\u6570\u624b\u6307 \ud83d\ude02\u4e0d\u591f\u52a0\u811a\u8dbe \u2026 \u5e78\u597d\u9093\u7237\u6539\u9769\u65f6 \u4ffa\u4e5f\u79bb\u5f00\u5b66\u6821\u4e86. \u4e0d\u7136\u52a8\u4e0d\u52a8 \u6210\u5343\u4e0a\u4ebf \u600e\u4e48\u6570\u5440\uff1f\u4e60\u5927\u5927 \u73b0\u5728\u66f4\u662f\u767e\u4ebf \u4ebf\u4ebf\u7684 \u2026 \u5d29\u6e83<\/p>\n<p>\u751f\u5f97\u9022\u65f6 \ud83d\ude05 \u5c0f\u5e86\u5e78<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>The Guardian<\/p>\n<p>For Chinese women, unmarried motherhood remains the final taboo<br \/>\nSex outside marriage was illegal in China until 1997 but the bigotry that led mothers to abandon children is finally shifting<\/p>\n<p>Tania Branigan in Beijing,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/amp.theguardian.com\/world\/2014\/jan\/20\/china-unmarried-motherhood-remains-final-taboo\">Mon 20 Jan 2014<\/a><\/p>\n<p>After her boyfriend left when she was six months pregnant, taking all their savings, Xiao Pan dared not tell her family. Unable to have a late-term abortion, she gave birth without them knowing. &#8220;Some friends suggested I give my son away. I decided not to, but to live well and bring him up by myself. I wanted to be strong,&#8221; said Xiao, now 32 and the mother of a &#8220;beautiful, healthy&#8221; four-year-old.<br \/>\n&#8220;I just thought: I am an adult, and I have a responsibility to him. I held my baby, stroked his back and said: &#8216;No matter how hard it will be, even if I have to live by picking up rubbish, I will still raise you. Mum brought you into the world \u2013 Mum will bring you up.'&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>China has seen a dramatic liberalisation of sexual attitudes in recent decades. But while premarital sex has become common, unmarried motherhood has remained a taboo. Only recently have attitudes begun to shift.<br \/>\nLike others who break the country&#8217;s strict family-planning laws, an unmarried mother must pay a fine, even if it is her first child. But there was widespread outrage last summer when Wuhan, the capital of Hubei province, announced a massive rise in fines for births outside marriage to double the rate for married couples who breach the one-child policy. Officials appeared to water down the plans after the backlash, and a health and family-planning official said this week that she believed the increase had never been implemented.<br \/>\nUntil 1997, sex outside marriage was illegal and classed as &#8220;hooliganism&#8221;, according to the sociologist and sexologist Li Yinhe. Having children outside wedlock &#8220;was regarded as heinous&#8221;. Even now it is stigmatised: Xiao, then living in Shenzhen, told neighbours she was married and her husband was travelling.<br \/>\nMeanwhile, the widespread availability of abortion allows women to end unwanted pregnancies with relative ease. In the west, women may face pressure not to have an abortion. But Zhang Wenwen, a single mother in Beijing, said everyone tried to convince her to terminate her pregnancy. Friends accused her of stubbornness when she refused. Her sister said it would be selfish to upset their parents. &#8220;I&#8217;m very proud of my son and I&#8217;m very happy to tell everyone I meet about him,&#8221; said Zhang. &#8220;But I think everyone is prejudiced, including my parents.&#8221;<br \/>\nZhang Wenwen, from Beijing, says she has been turned down for a job because she is a single mother<br \/>\nZhang Wenwen, a single mother in Beijing, says she has been turned down for a job because she had a child outside marriage. Photograph: Tania Branigan<br \/>\nShe struggled to find work, with one company stating point-blank that it could not hire her because she was unmarried. &#8220;I said, I am not ashamed. But the human-resources person said: &#8216;People will think you did something wrong and talk about you. It&#8217;s not good for the company,'&#8221; she recalled.<br \/>\nSuch prejudice compounds the financial burden of many single mothers. While men should normally pay about 20-30% of their income in maintenance, enforcement is often difficult, said Ming Li, a lawyer who has acted for Zhang.<br \/>\nXiao, who received no child support from her ex-boyfriend, said she thought she would have to sell her kidney to pay her son&#8217;s medical fees after he caught pneumonia. &#8220;Many times, I felt I had lost the confidence to live,&#8221; she said.<br \/>\nShe was found by Little Bird, a grassroots organisation for migrant workers, which subsidised the hospital bill and referred her to a counsellor. Later, it helped her find a husband who accepted the baby. Her marriage led to reconciliation with her parents, who had refused to see her.<br \/>\nThere are hints of a shift in official attitudes. Perhaps as a result of last year&#8217;s controversy, Hubei has now taken one step towards fairer treatment of unmarried mothers. It has ordered health authorities to issue free birth certificates, even if the mother is not married. It is thought to be the first province to guarantee this right, rather than leaving it to officials&#8217; discretion. Children need the birth certificate to obtain a hukou, or household registration, which is key to accessing basic services such as health and education.<br \/>\nGu Baochang, an expert on demographics at Renmin University, said the announcement showed that family-planning authorities were gradually making more efforts to serve unmarried parents.<br \/>\n&#8220;It is not meant to encourage women to give birth outside marriage but to protect the rights of unmarried mothers and their children,&#8221; said Lu Ying, a gender research expert from Sun Yatsen University.<br \/>\nXiao said she would never encourage women to become single mothers: &#8220;It is really, really tough,&#8221; she said. But prejudice led to mothers abandoning their babies, she warned, calling for sympathy and understanding for women in her situation. &#8220;We already have so much pressure in life. If society discriminates against us too, it is really hard to live,&#8221; she said.<\/p>\n<p>Additional research by Cecily Huang<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A friend shared a news this morning, that starting end of January 2022, Shanghai will allow single mother to apply childbirth and childcare allowances \u751f\u80b2\u91d1&#8230;<\/p>\n<div class=\"more-link-wrapper\"><a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ireneeng.com\/?p=7180\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Birth and rate<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"bgseo_title":"","bgseo_description":"","bgseo_robots_index":"","bgseo_robots_follow":"","om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[18],"class_list":["post-7180","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-things-chinese","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ireneeng.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7180","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ireneeng.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ireneeng.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ireneeng.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ireneeng.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=7180"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/www.ireneeng.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7180\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7190,"href":"https:\/\/www.ireneeng.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7180\/revisions\/7190"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ireneeng.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=7180"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ireneeng.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=7180"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ireneeng.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=7180"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}